《乌合之众：大众心理研究》古斯塔夫·勒庞  广西师范大学出版社

沈子千20201120517

摘抄：群体的多变，只会影响到表面的事情。其实它们就像原始人一样，有着坚不可摧的保守本能。它们对一切传统的迷恋与崇敬是绝对的；它们对一切有可能改变自身生活基本状态的新事物，有着根深蒂固的无意识恐惧。

心得：

我认可聚众的存在价值。诚然，聚众的出现拉进了人与人之间的距离、促进了人的相互交流、植培了人的归属感和认同感。在聚众的扶持下，或许个体的理想、价值更容易实现。然而，不可否认的是，很多时候，聚众会使个体异化，它潜移默化地使个体成为独立思考能力受限的傀儡，成为叔本华笔下那个“大脑是别人跑马场”的乌合之众。

这不禁让我想起了在地心说盛行的中世纪，哥白尼勇于打破传统，提出日心说却被狂热守旧的信徒残忍杀害；在洋务运动期间，李鸿章曾上书慈禧，希望大修铁路，而慈禧与保守派却屈从于对新事物无意识的恐惧，以修建铁路“遇山开路，遇水搭桥，恐惊动众山神，败大清国运”为由，驳回了洋务派的先进思想；房龙笔下的《宽容（序言）》中也出现了相似的情况，“在无知山谷里，古老的东西总是受到尊敬。谁否认祖先的智慧，谁就会遭到真人君子的冷落。”

绝大部分时候，我们因聚众的愚昧无知和盲目保守而感叹他们的可笑可悲，也因聚众深陷名为“传统”的茧房中、本能地恐惧茧外世界而同情怜悯他们。其实，在抨击乃至嘲讽聚众的同时，我们却很难发现自己或许也深陷于某一个聚众之中而不自知。或许我们曾几何时也是那个叫嚣烧死日心说支持者的信徒，或许也是打压洋务派思想火花又害怕惊动山神而瑟瑟发抖的顽固派，或许也是想方设法阻挠他人离开无知山谷、积极探索墙外新世界的守旧居民。

这种窘境或许是可以改变的。依我拙见，个体应尽可能接触多元思想，更重要的是，将这些思想与自己的想法做对比，在思维碰撞之中，求同存异，从而完善自身思维体系的漏洞，矫正古板的偏见。于是，保持独立思考、当孤立的个体并不是刻意为之的目的，而是无意发展的结果。

金庸在《文心雕龙》中曾写道“观千剑而后识器，操千曲而后晓声”，感叹参差多态、百家争鸣的环境对个体发展的重要意义。如果地心说支持者仔细阅读那些证实日心说合理性的推理文书，如果以慈禧为首的保守派亲自去国外考察工业革命带来的繁荣盛况，可能那时科学、社会发展会少走很多弯路吧。

艺术之爱，一种新的视野

——《爱的艺术》读书笔记

上海第二工业大学 20公关A2 郭越 20201120201

书名：《爱的艺术》

原著作者：艾里希·弗洛姆(美)   

首版时间：1956年

出版社：人民文学出版社

  为深刻阐述爱的“艺术”，本书内容层层推进，逻辑明晰，划分为四个章节，结合作者所理解的人类本源生存问题和西方社会环境解析了爱的本质与不同类型的爱的含义。第一章以一句设问句打开了读者的思路——爱是一种艺术吗？的确，爱常被解读为一种快感、一个对象或是一时的吸引力，但应如何透过这些碎片化的表现而探寻爱的本质仍是千古难题。弗洛姆则在《爱的艺术》中为追溯爱的本源而提供了一种新的角度——它，可以是一门艺术。它将一切人类爱的行为及其规律用“艺术”一词完美诠释了。正因它是一种艺术，爱，需要知识和能力；爱，还有学习的空间；爱，不是任何人都能轻易掌握的感情。

人类对爱的认识

作者开篇论述了几种社会中普遍的对爱的认识，并对其误区与影响作了评析。把爱的问题设想为一个对象的问题，而不是才能的问题。人们认为爱是简单的，困难的是寻找正确的爱的对象，或者被爱。

  源由①：这种态度的部分原因在于现代社会的发展。原因之一是“爱的对象”选择在二十世纪发生了巨大的变化。相对“功能”的重要性而言，这个新的爱的自由观显然大大增强了“对象”的重要性。

在二十世纪之前，受到西方传统习俗或宗教文化的束缚，爱并不是可以为人主动选择的，更多是一种被安排的契约。当近代的浪漫主义爱情观兴起，人类渴望追求的是一种“罗曼蒂克式的爱” 。可是意外收获的自由并不全然有益，在挣脱古老的约束的同时，人类也会在很长一段时间内迷失本有的方向。

源由②：与这个因素紧密相关的是另一个构成当代文化概貌的特性。我们的整个文化是以购买的欲望、互利互换的思想为基础的。

现代人的幸福在于观察商店橱窗的激情，在于购买一切能够付得起钱的商品，付现款或分期付款。他（她）以同样的方式看人。

误区①：一个人具有吸引力的气质，取决于那个时代在体魄上和精神上的风尚。

误区②：爱的意识常常只是作为他们自身交换能力范围内的人类商品而已。

商品能够退换货，爱情在某种程度上也能“退换货”（“货”即“人”），但是人毕竟是有血有肉的感情生物，当彼此间的曾经已被刻下了深深的烙印，割爱无法直接地完成，反之，它是长期的、痛苦的一种过程，也影响着每个人的人生轨迹。人，绝不是能够被物化的。

把最初坠入情网的经历与爱的“久恒”之间的区别混淆了。

源由：如果两个陌生人，像我们所有人一样，突然让他们破除陌生这堵墙，而且立即感到密切，感到融洽，那么这一时刻是他们生活中最兴奋、最激动的。

误区：如果这与性的吸引力和性交结合着或同时开始，那么这种突然产生亲近感的奇迹会使他们非常容易地相爱。然而，这种类型的爱自然不能持久。

学习任何一种艺术的过程都能够适当地分为两个方面：一方面精通那门艺术的理论，另一方面熟悉那门艺术的实践。如果我想学习医学技艺，我必须首先了解人体结构和各种疾病，但当我具备了这一方面的全部理论知识是，根本不意义着我在医学技艺上是合格的。

在阅读本段时我保有疑惑，看来作者所对“艺术”的理解与阐释是更宏观的，囊括了一切依赖于技艺、本领的活动形式。在此意义上，“医学”也被认纳入进了艺术领域。艺术是主观的，在我的理解中艺术不仅代表着娴熟的技法，更指示了其在很大程度上能够贴近人心、反复欣赏、产生共鸣。以如今的视角，医学更应用技术来形容，而并非艺术。

人类的生存问题

作者认为，在讨论爱的理论之前，必须从「人」的本性出发。人区别于动物，超出了本能适应性；人具备天赋的理性，是了解自身的生命体；更为重要的是，人是社会的产物，是一切社会关系的总和。在此意义上，人最深切的需要即是融入群体，克服分离。矛盾的是，当人类诞生之时，即被逐出了本能确定的状态，而进入一种不确定的开化状态。

这种对他自己作为一个孤独的实体的认识，对他自己短暂的生命历程的认识，对不由他的愿望而出生又违背他的意愿而死去之一事实的认识，对他将在他仁爱的那些人之前或之后死去的认识，对他的寂寞和孤独的认识，对他在自然和社会面前无能为力的认识，所有这些都令他感到孤独和隔绝的生存状态是不堪忍受的监狱。如果他不能从这个监狱中解放自己，从而达到某种形式与人们和外部世界的沟通，他就将变成一个疯子。

因而，人类面临着一个问题——如何克服分离、达到和谐，超出生活探寻一致。在历史上，不同时代、不同文化的人面对如此问题时，有形式各异的答案。追求“迷狂状态”即是 其中一种解决方式，在离我们最近的60年代，当嬉皮士运动兴起之时，即是在美国「垮掉一代」之上而演变出的一场在面对二战后遗创伤，马丁·路德金、肯尼迪相继遇刺，越南战争，又或是经历发展过快、资本至上冰冷无情的时代氛围下，由美利坚年轻的自由主义人士抱团取暖，感受人性的温度的文化运动。一个复杂、迷惘的时代，让美国的一代青年渐渐迷失了自己，而融入群体是摆脱日日焦灼的一个出口，用公社式的和流浪的生活方式获得自我身份认同感。可是那种坚定的自由思想，终究演变成了糜烂堕落的生活。由例可见，迷狂与刺激或许能够让一个时代的一小部分人暂时地摆脱困窘，但始终不是完美的答案。

风俗与信仰、程序公式化、创造性活动等也是解决问题的一些可行的答案，但真正圆满的在于达到人际的协调，在于与他人融为一体，在于爱。

在生产活动中达到的这种一致不是人际的协调，在迷狂的融合中所达到的这种协调是倏忽即逝的，由一致而达到协调不过时虚假的协调。因此他们仅是生存不完全的答案……

成熟的爱

本书提到，人类的爱应该作为对生存问题成熟的回答而被提及。那么究竟什么才是成熟的爱？

与「共生性结合」相反，成熟的爱是保持自己的尊严和个性条件下的结合。爱是人的一种主动的能力，是一种突破使人与分离的那些屏障的能力，一种把他和他人联合起来的能力。爱使人克服孤独和分离感，但爱承认人自身的价值，保持自身的尊严。

弗洛依德与沙利文对爱的阐述

弗洛伊德认为：爱情，植根于性，是“俄狄浦斯情结”的升华。它通过移情——来源于在生活中找到孩童时期对父、母亲情感的替代对象作用而实现的。人的心灵因受“唯乐”与“唯实”两项原则的支配，因而移情是必要、健康的，而幸福的婚姻是男孩和女孩比照父母亲的形象寻找配偶的结果。弗洛伊德的美学观和爱情观有着积极的社会意义，其前提和核心是审美鉴赏者、恋爱者把自己的“俄狄浦斯情结”升华到爱的境界。

弗洛姆对弗洛伊德观点的评价：他仅仅把爱视为性本能的表现或升华，而没有认识到性欲是对爱和结合的需求的一种表现……我对弗洛伊德理论的批判并不是说他过于强调性的作用，而是说他对于性没有深刻的理解。他在发现人们之间的情感的重要性方面走了第一步；而他依据他的哲学前提，仅从生理学角度解释了这些情感。在精神分析学的进一步发展 中，有必要把弗洛伊德的见解从心理学领域扩展到生物学和存在的领域，从而纠正和深化他的思想。

沙利文认为：当一个人感到另一个人的需要像他自己的需要一样重要时，爱便开始了。此外，他将成熟的、心理学意义上的“爱的开端”锁定于青春前期的人格发展，且“真正的爱”的形成取决于人格发展的完全程度，这与弗洛姆在本书中提出的观点非常接近。

如果我们剔去沙利文表述中的几分晦涩的语言，那么他所表达的就是：爱的本质是在一种合作情况下出现的，在此中情况下，两个人都感到：“我们必须按比赛的规则行事，以维护我们的威望和优越感。”

弗洛姆对沙利文观点的评价：沙利文的描述涉及二十世纪异化了的、交易性的人格演变。它是对两个人之间的“个人主义”的描述，是对两个分享共同利益、联合起来反对充满敌意的异化了的世界的人的描述。

神经紊乱型的爱的一种形式：投射机制

将「投射机制」运用于爱中的例子有许多，其主要有两种体现形式：一是为了逃避自身的问题，而极力捉捕另一方的缺点和不足；二为将自己的问题投射到孩子身上。这两种现象在中国尤其明显，历史长河中的儒家思想，中庸文化，父权社会的积淀，再加之当代犬儒主义的流行扩散，终将影响中国人的思维方式和生活态度，以一定宏观的视角，持有这样的态度对个人的生存发展是有益的，事实证明它已无数次在中国这样特殊的社会形态中被验证正确。但人与人的爱是微观层面的，社会是被物化了的，若总以物品的视角对待亲、友人，结果是浓情的淡化至消失。在中国家庭结构中很容易能见到那位常受“冷暴力”的成员，比如孩童、妻子，也很易看见一位拥有极大话语权的强势成员，比如丈夫、母亲。势强者通常是家中财产收入的直接来源，生活资源的主要提供者，其强调对自身尊严和力量的维护，不轻易让缺点表现于公众，更不露陷于家庭。在家庭的另一方接受他们对自身问题的批评时，在冷暴力的运用过程中，他们的自信感也同时愈发强大，这是一种势强者的生存法则。然而，其必将产生的是家庭结构的极度不平衡。

作者在书中举了如下例子：当婚姻出现问题时，孩子们也服务于投射的目的。此种场合下，父母仍持陈旧观点：为了孩子的幸福，为了孩子有完整的家，他们不能离婚。不过任何详细的研究都表明：“完整家庭”内部的紧张和不幸气氛较之公开破裂的家庭对孩子们更有害。后者至少告诉孩子们，人们能够通过果断的决定结束不堪忍受的情况。

对“投射机制”误区的总结：前者是因为生存问题只能通过每个人自己解决，而不是他人可以替代的；后者是因为他缺少那些引导孩子自己探索问题的非常重要的品质。

在他人身上寻求自身的意义对于人类而言是暂时的一种生存策略，但无情现实是不可回避的，在自身问题尚未解决之时，自己仍旧是一个发展不完全、失败的个体，其对另一方的了解也注定将失败。

 认为没有什么比爱更简单的这种态度，尽管被相反的证据所淹没，却仍然是流行的观点……如果这是其他任何活动和事业，人们都会渴望认识失败的原因，学习做好它的方法，或者干脆拉到了事。但爱是不可能拉到了事的。对爱来说，只有一条客服失败的恰当途径——找出失败的原因，并着手探索爱的真谛。

（斜体字为原文引用）

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

谢尚南+《The Thirty-nine Steps》读书笔记

“The Thirty-nine Steps"

作者：约翰·巴肯

出版社：外语教学与研究出版社

参与者：19英语A2黄殊婷  20191120723

An amazing start

Caroline

March 12  2020
“The Thirty-nine Steps”is one of the important works of John Bucken.It's a suspense film with full of suspense and ingenious link design.I read the first chapter with great excitement.I am totally abstracted by the story.

At the start of the story,Core role Richard Hannay described how boring his life was in London. One day,he read the newspaper bored as usual ,then Prime Minister of Greece was showed.He looked amiable and kind.They think that he was the only person who could prevent the war.But Hannay just cared about whether he could find a job at south-east Europe. He couldn’t bear the boring life so he decided to leave from there to Southern Africa if there was nothing interesting.At the evening,when he wanted to open the door coming back home,a man appearing next to him.They came back Hannay’s home together and the man told Hannay a secret.The strange man was Scudder who was an America.Because he founded that someone who wanted to start a war between Russia and Germany got their own benefit.He eacaped from their kill with the secret.He created the illusion of his own death by calling himself a corpse。He thought he could be quiet for a while, but one day he came home to find Scubber dead.
  The feeling of the first chapter is that some words are difficult to explain in translation, and we need to change our thinking.The core content has done a lot of story foreshadowing in the early stage.For example, the protagonist is bored with his boring life,so he was very interested in Scubber’s experience.The story about the Greek prime minister that the hero read provided the early stage for the story。The protagonist lives in a more secluded place to create an opportunity to meet Scubber。The link design is clever, the plot promotes the nature, the detail describes in detail。There is no doubt that it is a great book.

But  I have a question that Scubber arrived in every place to change an identity to hide himself，he chose to tell a stranger with the secret finally.Even though he's been watching the person for a long time, he didn’t  know him yet.Perhaps this is the charm of the novel。I need to learn more.

“The Thirty-nine Steps" 作者：约翰·巴肯 出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 参与者：19英语A2谢尚南 20191120714 Brief introduction：《The thirty nine steps》is one of the important works of John barken. It is also a classic suspense novel in the history of literature. In this novel, Richard Hannay, a mining engineer who returned to England from southern Africa, starts a thrilling fight with German spies to prevent the top secret defense documents from falling into German hands. The writing of the novel is simple and exquisite, the plot is ups and downs, the suspense is numerous, and the thrill moment is too many to see, which is worthy of being a well-known thrill novel. Author brief introduction：John Buchan. He was a politician, a Conservative MP, a lawyer, a publisher and a member of the military. He is famous for his thrilling stories, among which Richard Hannay's suspense novels are the most classic. Plot: Richard Hannay, a British engineer eager for excitement, returned to London from poor Africa, but a few months later he was just as tired of urban life. Life in London is not as good as he thought. Just at this time, he met another strange man in his apartment, which made waves for his peaceful life. The man asked Hannay for help and told his story. Later, fearing that he would lose his life before it happened, he entrusted him with a huge secret: German spies tried to assassinate the leader of a friend country. Once it happened, the world would be in danger. Later, scade was killed by accident, and Hannay was ordered in danger. Make a concise evaluation: Just after reading the first chapter, I don't know the whole story very well. Now there are only two main characters, Hannay and American skad. The man is a man who likes to take risks. He doesn't like the dull and boring life. The appearance of skad undoubtedly brings unprecedented excitement to his life. He is full of interest in this strange man and chooses to believe it. One night, when Hannay returned to his apartment, he found that skard had been killed by a dagger on the floor. The last part of the first chapter is unexpected. I didn't think of the direction of the story at all. It is very attractive to me that the story is a suspense novel. And the exploration spirit of the male Lord and the mystery of skard are very attractive to me. Abstract: the amusements of London seemed as exciting as a glass of cold water. 作者的比喻很特别，十分吸引人，他把平静乏味的生活比做冷水。 He was thin，with a short brown beard and small，very bright eyes. 斯卡德的外貌特征。 Only the bright eyes were the same. His beard was gone，and his hair was com letely different. He walked like a soldier，and he was wearing glasses. And he no longer spoke like an American. 斯卡德洗完澡后真实的外貌特征。 Scudder was lying on his back. There was a long knife through his heart，pinning him to the floor. 斯卡德的意外死亡，也是全章高潮，出乎意料又耐人寻味。 Recommendation reason: The author's expression is fluent, looks comfortable, and the novel is easy to understand. It is recommended to read. The most unforgettable part: The most unforgettable partThe most unforgettable part of the first chapter is that after Scudder took a bath, the male host's evaluation of his appearance and identity made me interested in Scudder's identity and appearance. And then there's the unexpected death of Janus Calder, which surprised me

“The Thirty-nine Steps" 作者：约翰·巴肯 出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 参与者：19英语A2谢尚南 20191120714 The charm of “The 39 Steps” Book report If a person suddenly finds you，tells you his story，gives you a letter，asks you to help bring the letter to a person, and then he dies. What should I do? Is there such an adventure in my life? Of course, it's not the plot of the novel. It's just a plot I came up with out of thin air after reading the novel. Maybe I'll find the police and be detained for a few days as a suspect. Maybe I'll be wrongly convicted. After I read the second chapter, I came up with the idea. And the protagonist of “The 39 steps”, after all, is not me. He has a lot more in his head than I think. Since a dead man appeared in his room, he began to think about how to escape. Even ordinary people may experience a legendary life. This is what the novel has to tell people. I think the author deliberately set up a puzzle, from the protagonist through their own choice to form the story. Let an ordinary person suddenly fall into an inexplicable event, and he becomes a forced fleeing person. The greatest charm of this kind of writing is that readers can see the crisis from the perspective of an ordinary person. After reading the second chapter, I found that the charm of this book is not as simple as I originally imagined. In addition to the fascinating plot, the character is also very attractive. The second chapter can best show the character of the hero, as I said above, he is very brave, but I think it is more special that he is unique. His next step is always unexpected to me, his At first, I thought I was very different from him, because I was a person who liked to live a comfortable life, and he would think that too comfortable life was too boring, life was not fun, and he liked to seek stimulation. Now I appreciate him very much. Not everyone can do such a thing like him. After reading the second chapter, the most impressive part of this chapter is that at the end of the story, the protagonist pretends to be a milkman to escape the chase and leave the apartment. The most attractive part is that the protagonist's series of reactions after scudder's death make me feel that he is very witty and brave. If I were him, I could not make such a choice. This is the attraction of the story. The character of the hero is very charming. make an abstract： The poor white face with its staring eyes was too much for me. (This description is very attractive to me. It describes the author's fear of seeing the corpse) After a few more minutes I managed to calm myself down a little. I looked at my watch and saw that it was half-past ten. I searched the flat carefully，but there was nobody there. （This segment is a series of performances after the author finds out that Scudder died） he had been in my flat for four days，and they must think he had told his story to me. So I would be the next to die. It might be that night，or the next day，or the day after，but it was sure to happen. (After scudder's death, he immediately thought of his own safety. He thought he was in danger) Then I thought of another problem. I could call the police now，or go to bed and wait for Paddock to discover the body and call them in the morning. (Now he's thinking about another question, what should he do next) I carried on in Scudder's place，the murderers might not win. (He made up his mind and decided to continue Scudder's mission) Two groups of people would be looking for me Scudder's enemies，who would want to kill me，and the police，who would want me for Scudder's murder. (At present, there are two waves of people who want to kill him) I thought Scotland would probably be best，because my family came from Scotland and I could pretend to be a Scotsman easily. The other possibility was to be a German tourist；my father had worked with Germans and I had spoken German often as a boy. But it would probably be better to be a Scotsman in Scotland. (Now he has two choices, how to escape the pursuit） I got up at four o'clock. The first light of a summer morning was in the sky and the birds were starting to sing. I put on some old clothes which I used for country walking and some strong walking boots. I pushed another shirt and a toothbrush into my pockets. I had taken a lot of money out of the bank in case Scudder needed it，so I took that as well. Then I cut my long moustache as short as possible. (This is the climax of this chapter. The author is going to run away and pretend to be a milkman）

“The Thirty-nine Steps” 作者：约翰·巴肯 出版社：外语教学与研究出版社 参与者：19英语A2谢尚南 20191120714 Mysterious hotel owner Book report Today, I read the third chapter of the 39 steps-- hotel owner. I want to briefly describe the contents of this chapter. After the hero has fled London, his first task now is to study Scudder's notebook and continue to flee. The hero and the mountain people sat on the train until 5 o'clock in the afternoon. He got off the bus in a small place in the middle of the wasteland and in a room He stayed in the cabin and started to flee again the next day. Although the hero was on the run, he still didn't feel nervous and anxious. At this time, he met a new character in the novel, an old farmer, with a shepherd dog, and had some simple communication with the hero. After the hero got off, he found a plane tracking him. Then he met the important person in this chapter, the old hotel Board, the protagonist thinks the young man may be able to help him. The main message to me is that the protagonist is being tracked, and he has figured out the secret of the black notebook. From this chapter, the protagonist begins to escape. I'm looking forward to the story that will happen later. In the first half of this chapter, the mood of the protagonist is described for many times, which is generally relaxed and pleasant. In the first paragraph, the weather is sunny, and there are some scenery descriptions. It is relatively relaxed to express the mood of the protagonist. After that, the author wrote the beauty of spring dusk, I felt like a young man on holiday, expressing the hero's mood directly. Later the author wrote that” on the way, the weather in spring is still beautiful, and I still don't know what is tension and anxiety.” What's more, it highlights the current mood of the protagonist. If it was me, I would feel very nervous and anxious, but the hero is different, which is what attracted me. From the plot point of view, the content of this chapter is also very ups and downs. The first half of the chapter gives people a relaxed and pleasant feeling. The half of the chapter suddenly starts to get nervous, especially the hero. Only when he finds that there is a plane tracking him, can he feel the real tension. After the protagonist unravels the secret of the black notebook, the protagonist decides to ask the innkeeper for help. There are several dangers in the middle, and the protagonist is saved. Whether it's the old farmer, the husband and wife of the cottage, or the innkeeper, the protagonist gets on well with them and tries to protect himself. In a word, after reading the content of this chapter, I am more interested in this book. I am very interested in the development of the following story. My mind has always imagined whether the protagonist can escape the pursuit and survive fortunately? Can the protagonist fulfill the task assigned to him by Scudder? In my opinion, the writing of this book is very good, fascinating and eye-catching. Abstract: 1:When I had finished，I got out Scudder's black book and studied it. It was almost full of writing，mostly numbers，although sometimes there was a name. For example，I found the words'Hofgaard'，'Luneville'，and'Avocado'quite often. The word I saw the most was'Pavia'. 完事之后，我拿出斯卡德尔的黑笔记本仔细研究。笔记本差不多写满了，大多是数字，时而有个人名。比如，笔记本上常常可以看到“霍夫高”、“吕内维尔”和“阿沃卡多”。见得最多的词是“帕维亚”。 （This passage is the protagonist studying Scudder's notebook. There are some clues on it. ） 2: when I saw myself in a mirror，I understood why；with my brown face and my old clothes I looked just like all the other hill farmers who were getting into the local train. 我自己照照镜子，明白了为什么；我一张古铜色的脸，穿着一身旧衣服，看起来和正上火车的其他山民一模一样。（This is the image description of the hero when he fled. ） 3: It was a beautiful，clear spring evening. I felt like a boy on a walking holiday，instead of a man of thirty-seven very much wanted by the police. I walked along the road whistling，feeling happier every minute. 春日的黄昏美丽而清爽。我感到像个野足度假的少年，而不是被警察穷追不舍的、三十七岁的汉子。我一路吹着口哨走下去，越来越觉得美滋滋的。（This section has the scenery description and the hero's mood description, I seem to be able to imagine the spring dusk unfolding in front of me. ） 4: I walked in the same beautiful spring weather as before，and still couldn't make myself feel nervous or worried. After a time I came to the railway line，and soon a little station，which was perfect for my plan. There was just a single line and moors all around. I waited until I saw a train in the distance，and then bought a ticket to Dumfries. 走在路上，春日的天气依然美好如初，我仍然不知道什么是紧张和忧虑。过了一会儿，见到铁路，后来见到车站，这个车站对实现我的计划非常理想。只有单轨铁路，周围都是荒原。我等着火车从远处开来，然后买了一张去邓弗里斯的票。（This short passage shows the description of the environment and the hero's next actions. ） 5: The only person in the carriage was an old farmer with his sheepdog. He was asleep，and next to him was a newspaper. 车厢里只有一个人，是个老农，带着一只牧羊犬。他正在睡觉，旁边放着一张报纸。（At this time, a new character appeared. I felt that he should not be so simple, so I excerpted it.） 6: It was about six o'clock in the evening when I left the moor and entered the trees. I came to a bridge by a house，and there，on the bridge，was a young man. He was sitting smoking a pipe，dreamily watching the water，and holding a book. He jumped up as he heard my feet on the road and I saw a friendly young face. 大约黄昏六点钟，我离开荒原，钻入树林。我走到一座桥上，桥旁有一座房子，桥上有一个年轻人。他坐在那儿，叼着烟斗迷迷糊糊地望着河水，手里拿着一本书。听到我的脚步声，他跳了起来，我看到他那张和善的面孔。（This section is a series of action description, the transition of context is very good, and the description is vivid. ） 7: I told him I was in the gold business in Africa，and I had discovered a group of international thieves. They had chased me to England and had killed my best friend. I described a chase across the desert，and an attack on the ship from Africa. And I described the Langham Place murder in detail. 'You want adventure，'I said，'well，here it is. The thieves are chasing me now，and the police are chasing them. 我告诉他我在非洲做黄金生意，而且发现了一个国际盗窃集团。他们追我追到英格兰，而且把我的好朋友给杀了。我给他绘声绘色地讲大漠追踪、非洲船上的袭击。我又详细地讲了兰厄姆的谋杀。“您要听惊险的事，”我说，“这里就有。这帮窃贼正在追杀我，而警察也正在追捕他们。（This is the hero telling his story to the hotel owner.） 8: It was the answer. In half an hour I was reading，with a white face. 答案有了。我读了半个小时，惊得脸色煞白。

《爱的牺牲》欧亨利 江苏凤凰文艺出版社

这篇短篇小说讲述了一对追逐艺术的年轻艺术家去纽约深造，却因贫困难以继续各自的艺术事业。妻子为生计牺牲自己中断学琴对丈夫撒谎说找到了学生去教音乐，实际上是在洗衣坊烫衬衣。丈夫也并没有通过速写挣钱，而是在洗衣坊做烧火工。现实让他们都放弃了艺术，但他们相互深爱彼此，最终双方坦言，道明了真相。这种在爱情中为对方着想甘愿付出的品格与《麦琪的礼物》有相似之处。

《爱的牺牲》欧亨利 江苏凤凰文艺出版社

这篇短篇小说讲述了一对追逐艺术的年轻艺术家去纽约深造，却因贫困难以继续各自的艺术事业。妻子为生计牺牲自己中断学琴对丈夫撒谎说找到了学生去教音乐，实际上是在洗衣坊烫衬衣。丈夫也并没有通过速写挣钱，而是在洗衣坊做烧火工。现实让他们都放弃了艺术，但他们相互深爱彼此，最终双方坦言，道明了真相。这种在爱情中为对方着想甘愿付出的品格与《麦琪的礼物》有相似之处。

书名:《被讨厌的勇气》
作者:岸见一郎&古贺史健
出版社:机械工业出版社
22酒店01－沈懿－20221260188
一、简介：获得真正的自由需要有被讨厌的勇气。这是一名深陷自卑、无能与不幸福的青年，听到了一名哲人主张的“世界无比单纯，人人都能幸福”便来挑战，两人展开了你来我往的思考和辩论，在一夜一夜过去后，青年开始思考，为什么“所谓的自由，就是被别人讨厌”？问题不在于世界是什么样子，在于你是什么样子。
二、作者
岸见一郎：哲学家，京都大学研究生院文学研究系博士课程满期退学。1989年起致力于研究专业哲学和阿德勒心理学。主要领域是阿德勒心理学及古代哲学的执笔与演讲。日本阿德勒心理学会认定顾问。
古贺史健：自由作家。以对话创作(问答体裁的执笔)见长，近30岁的时候邂逅阿德勒心理学，并被其颠覆常识的思想所震撼。连续数年拜访京都的岸见一郎并向其请教阿德勒心理学的本质。
三、阿尔弗雷德▪阿德勒（奥地利精神病学家）:人本主义心理学先驱，个体心理学的创始人，曾追随弗洛伊德探讨神经症问题，但也是精神分析学派内部第一个反对弗洛伊德的心理学体系的心理学家。著有《自卑与超越》、《人性的研究》、《个体心理学的理论与实践》、《自卑与生活》等。阿德勒的学说以“自卑感”与“创造性自我”为中心，并强调“社会意识”。主要概念是创造性自我、生活风格、假想的目的论、追求优越、自卑感、补偿和社会兴趣。
四、选择原因
在今天这个不管是技术还是思想更新迭代飞速的时代，我们特别适合读阿德勒思想，我们需要有一种持续爬坡的能力。阿德勒思想告诉我们，你的成功和幸福与其他任何人都无关，所有一切都取决于我们自己。阿德勒思想会帮我们建立起这套内部自尊体系。
五、如何找到幸福、自由的状态？
从人际关系的出发点，做好课题分离，建立内部自尊体系。人际关系造成的烦恼，其实都源于对别人课题的妄加干涉，或者自己的课题被别人干涉。共同体感觉是幸福的人际关系最重要的指标。我们首先需要接纳自我，重要的不是被给予了什么，而是如何去利用被给予的东西，接受真实的自己，关注“可以改变的”；其次是他者信赖，在相信他人的时候不附加任何条件，只需要考虑“我该怎么做”，人人都是我的伙伴这种意识；最后是他者贡献，并不是舍弃“我”而为他人效劳，而是为了能够体会到“我”的价值，幸福即贡献感。活在当下。人生是连续的刹那，关注此时此刻，过去发生了什么与你的“此时此刻”没有任何关系，未来会如何也不是“此时此刻”要考虑的问题，思考的不是他人为我做了什么，而是我能为他人做什么，并积极实践。
五、读后感
《被讨厌的勇气》是一本介绍关于“自我启发之父”阿德勒的心理学书籍。该书以青年与哲人对话的形式，探讨了一系列问题，如“我们的不幸在自哪里”、“要不要活在别人的期待里”、“如何获得幸福”、“如何处理人生的课题”，给出了阿德勒对于这些问题的回答。不同于弗洛伊德与荣格的“原因论”，阿德勒则认为一切的行为都是基于我们的目的产生的，我们的不幸都是我们自己选择的。真正对我们有影响的，不是过去所发生的客观事实，而是对客观事实我们所投射的主观看法，也就是说当事情发生已经成为既定事实，如何看待它，就成了将会影响我们行为的主观问题。要去温暖地拥抱它，还是冷漠地疏远它，这就成了我们自己人生的课题。“重要的不是被给予了什么，而是如何利用被给予的东西”。我们总是不可避免地对他人抱有期待，我们希望自己受到他人的喜欢，得到他人的认可，我们逐渐在他人的王国里沦落。我们为自己没有达到别人的期待而感到不幸，为自己没有做到别人理想中的自己而感到痛苦。因此，我们在别人的王国里小心翼翼地乞讨，并以此为荣耀。如何获得幸福？阿德勒的答案是首先进行课题分离，搞清楚哪些是自己的事情，哪些是他人的事情。这不是在疏远人际关系，相反，这是在寻找人际关系新的入口。在完成课题分离的基础上，做到“他者信赖”，把别人当作是自己的伙伴，不去干涉别人的决定，只要给出中肯的意见即可。最后，做到“他者贡献”，当你把自己和别人建立起共同体的感觉，为这个共同体做出自己的贡献，便可以从中感受到自己的价值。这种价值感不依赖于他人的认可，而是纯粹基于自我内心，因此就能够获得真正的幸福。怀抱勇气去面对过去的不幸与痛苦，拥有勇气去接受生命的平凡，不去追求别人的认可，即使这份勇气被讨厌。因为人生就应该是这样，人生没有地图，我们一路走，一路被辜负，一路点燃希望，一路寻找答案。
六、总结
直面人生，活出自我。